Anopheles stephensi belongs to the same subgenus as Anopheles gambiae, which is the predominant mosquito vector of malaria in Africa and is the primary malaria vector in urban India. This research presents a comprehensive overview of the emergence and spread of An. stephensi, a significant malaria vector, focusing on its recent incursion into Africa. Originating from Southern and Western Asia, An. stephensi has expanded to seven African nations, posing a severe threat to malaria control efforts, particularly in urban areas. The mosquito's unique biology, diverse forms, and genetic markers are explored, emphasizing the importance of precise identification for effective disease management. The preferred habitats, life cycle, and feeding patterns of An. stephensi underscore its adaptability and resilience. Factors contributing to its spread, including climate change, urbanization, and vector resistance, are outlined. The current geographic distribution in the Horn of Africa raises concerns, demanding increased surveillance and research for a clearer understanding of its impact on malaria transmission. Finally, potential interventions, such as environmental management and genetic modification, are discussed as critical strategies to control An. stephensi and mitigate its implications for public health. This review serves as a valuable resource for fostering awareness, encouraging proactive measures, and informing targeted interventions and management techniques to curb the spread of this invasive malaria vector in Africa.
