Tuberculosis (TB) remains a formidable global health challenge, with an estimated 10 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths reported annually. The aim of this review is to critically examine the potential impact of recent innovations on TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Employing a review approach, we searched across multiple databases using relevant keywords and approximately 40 individual literatures were reviewed, we identified key studies published from 2015 to date, revealing a substantial knowledge gap in synthesizing the advancements in laboratory techniques, vaccines, and drugs. The review showcase the remarkable progress in laboratory diagnostics, exemplified by molecular diagnostics and whole-genome sequencing, offering unprecedented accuracy in TB diagnosis. Novel vaccines, including M72/AS01E and adjuvanted BCG, demonstrate promising efficacy, while emerging drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid mark a paradigm shift in TB treatment. However, challenges such as cost, accessibility, and ethical considerations persist. The synthesis of these innovations into a cohesive strategy holds immense potential to catalyze a new era in TB eradication, paving the way for a substantial reduction in the global TB burden. This review contributes a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and highlights the need for continued research and collaborative efforts to address the multifaceted challenges hindering the widespread implementation of these groundbreaking interventions.
